问题 问答题 简答题

试论影响迁移的主要因素有哪些?

答案

参考答案:

美国教育心理学家奥苏伯尔曾提出认知结构迁移理论,认为任何有意义的学习都是在原有学习的基础之上进行的,有意义的学习中一定有迁移。但是,学习的迁移又受到以下一系列因素

的影响:

(1)相似性

相 似性的大小主要是由两任务中含有的共同成分决定的,较多的共同成分将产生较大的相似性,并导致迁移的产生。共同成分既可以是学习材料(如刺激)、学习中的 环境线索、学习结果(如反应)、学习过程、学习目标等方面的,也可以是态度、情感等方面的。迁移的产生既受到客观相似性的影响,也受到主观相似性的影响。

(2)原有认知结构

原有的学习对后继学习的影响是比较常见的一种迁移方式,原有认知结构的特征直接决定了迁移的可能性及迁移的程度。奥苏伯尔的认知结构迁移理论对此进行了明确的阐述。原有认知

结构对迁移的影响主要表现在以下几方面:

①学习者是否拥有相应的背景知识,这是迁移产生的基本前提条件。

②原有的认知结构的概括水平对迁移起到至关重要的作用。

③学>-j者是否具有相应的认知技能或策略以及对认知活动进行调节、控制的元认知策略,这也影响着迁移的产生。

(3)学习的心向与定势

心向与定势常常指的是同一种现象,即先于定的活动而又指向该活动的一种动力准备状态。定势的形成往往是由于先前的反复经验,它将支配个体以同样的方式去对待后继的同类问题。正因如此,定势在迁移过程中也起到一定的作用。定势对迁移的影响表现为两种:即促进和

阻碍。定势既可以成为积极的正迁移的心理背景,也可以成为负迁移的心理背景,或者成为阻碍迁移产生的潜在的心理背景。

除前面提到的影响迁移的一些基本因素外,诸如年龄、智力、学习者的态度、教学指导、外界的提示与帮助等都在不同程度上影响着迁移的产生。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Motor racing is a very exciting sport, but it is also very dangerous. Racing drivers go at 200

kilometers per hour and even faster. Sometimes the cars crash (撞车) and the drivers die.

     This is Kirsten Kolby. When she was a little girl, she and her brother learned to drive go-Karts,

and she became good at it. When she was 12, she was the best young driver in her country. Now

she drives racing cars.

     Most racing drivers are men. Is this a problem for Kirsten ?

     "Sometimes." is her answer, " Some men don't like a woman driver in front of them. They get angry."

 Is she afraid of crashing ?

     "I had a bad crash two years ago. The car rolled over. I was under it and I couldn't move. There

was a fire, and I couldn't get out. A man rushed through the fire and pulled me out. He was a very brave

man. After I came out of hospital, I tried to race again, but I was too afraid of fire. So I stopped racing

and got a different job. But I wasn't happy. I really wanted to race again. I wanted it very much. So

now I'm racing again. I'm still afraid, but I'm stronger than my fear."

1. Are racing drivers safe?

    _____________________________________________

2. What happened to Kirsten two years ago?

    _____________________________________________

3.   将文中画线句子译成汉语。

   _____________________________________________

4. 完成句子,每格一词。

    Kirsten became the best young driver in her country when she was _____ _____ _____.

5. After Kirsten came out of hospital, she _____.

A. tried to race again

B. gave up racing and changed a new job

C. was unhappy

D. went on racing

单项选择题