明朝时期，君主专制逐渐强化，如思想文化方面实行“八股取士”，_爱下问搜题

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问题填表题

明朝时期，君主专制逐渐强化，如思想文化方面实行“八股取士”，考试题目只能来自；而在政治方面，的设置，标志着我国封建君主集权的高度强化。

答案

四书五经厂卫特务机构

本题考查的是明朝君主专制的表现。明朝在文化上实行八股取士，在政治方面设置厂卫特务机构，加强君主专制。

君主专制制度：指以古代君王为核心的中央集权的政治体制，它脱胎于原始社会后期的父权制。宗教祭祀与军事征伐是君主专制的头等大事，即所谓“国之大事，在祀与戎”。古代中国的“王”字，有两种解释。一是董仲舒的看法，参通天地为王；二是甲骨文中的“王”，为斧的象征，故而历史传说中的周公“负斧依南向而立”。

思想文化上，明清君主专制的加强扼杀了人们的创造力，使人们思想日益僵化，阻碍了科学技术的发展。反封建的民主思想也遭到遏制。明朝科举制度实行八股取士；清初还大兴文字狱，从思想上加强对知识分子和人民的迫害和压制。政治上，明清君主专制的加强使皇权的极度膨胀，民主制度难以形成。明朝实行的厂卫制度、清朝军机处的设立等使民主制度就更难以形成了。所以明朝时期，君主专制制度标志着我国封建君主集权的高度强化。

单项选择题

治疗难治性腹水的适宜方法是

A．卧床休息

B．限制钠、水的摄入

C．腹水浓缩回输

D．利尿药

E．提高血浆胶体渗透压

填空题

Part 1

·Read the fllowing passages, eight sentences have been removed from the article.
·For each gap (1-8) mark one letter (A-H) on the Answer Sheet.
·Do not mark any letter twice.
There’s a story in Texas about the rancher who complained when a well driller found oil instead of the water he had been sent to look for. "Cattle can’t drink that stuff!" the rancher cried.
That story is no longer funny. We are short of both oil and water, but the water shortage is worse. (1) And we are using water a great deal faster than it is being replaced. The replacement rate is dependent on rainfall (sometimes in the form of snow) to resupply rivers, lakes, and ground water. (2) Worse, droughts are occurring more frequently and are increasing in severity, not only in the United States but also abroad.
Even without droughts, rainfall is insufficient to maintain a balance. (3) So much water has been taken from the Colorado River by Arizona and California that Mexico has complained that those states have exceeded the U.S. share under a 1944 treaty on water-sharing. Southern Californians also have elaborated arrangements to transport water from the Pacific North west, which has it in abundance, to their area, which doesn’t have nearly enough to support its population. (4)
Short of a fanciful solution, the U.S. has two broad options, neither pleasant. We can conserve or we can produce. The former is inconvenient or worse: less irrigation (and thus less food), fewer swimming pools golf courses, and green lawns. (5) In the quantities necessary, this would probably require nuclear power. It is technically feasible, but expensive, and was considered 30 years ago as a joint U.S.-Mexican project in the Gulf of California to alleviate the Colorado river problem. As more of it is done, the cost could be expected to come down; and as we became more desperate for water, we would be more willing to pay the cost even if it didn’t come down. (6) This is an arrangement whereby large landowners would sell the groundwater under their land, for whatever the market would bear, to cities that might be hundreds of miles distant. This would involve the considerable cost of pipeline construction and would mean faster depletion of groundwater reserves. (7)
It’s a good bet that during the 21st century some new arrangements are going to have to be made about the nation’s — and the world’s — water supplies. These are likely to be neither cheap nor easy. They are more likely to be cheaper and easier if we have thought about them in advance. (8) We have been sued to choices of guns or butter. This one might be water or meat.

A. A century ago, a drought affected only farmers and perhaps inland navigation; now it affects everybody.
B. The Northwest is showing signs of getting tired of this drain.
C. It is not too soon to begin.
D. We cannot live without oil in the style to which we have become accustomed, but we cannot live at all without water.
E. Rivers are running dry, especially in the West.
F. It would also mean less food production.
G. A solution currently being advanced in west Texas is a concept called "Water Ranching".
H. The latter is expensive: desalinization of seawater.