问题 问答题 论述题

联系中学教学实际,试论述成败归因理论及其教育意义。

答案

参考答案:

归因是指人们对他人或自己的行为结果进行分析,推论这些行为原因的过程。归因理论的指导原则和基本假设就是:寻求理解是行为的基本动因。

美国加利福尼亚大学的韦纳认为.学生在对自己的成功和失败进行归因时通常会归于能力、努力、任务难度和运气这四种主要原因。并且,学生的归因过程主要是按照控制源、稳定性、可控性三个维度来进行。

根据控制源维度,可将原因分成内部和外部的;根据稳定性维度,可将原因分成稳定和不稳定的;根据可控性维度,又可将原因分成可控的和不可控的。

韦纳认为。每一维度对动机都有重要的影响。控制点维度与个体成败的情绪体验有关。稳定性维度与个体对未来成败的期望有关。可控性维度既与情绪体验有关,又与对未来成败预期有关。

一个总是失败并把失败归于内部的、稳定的和不可控的因素(即能力低)的学生会形成一种习得性无助的自我感觉。习得性无助是当个体感到无论做什么事情都不会对自己的重要生活事件产生影响时所体验到的一种抑郁状态。

根 据归因理论,学生将成败归因于努力比归因于能力会产生更强烈的情绪体验。努力而成功,体验到愉快;不努力而失败,体验到羞愧;努力而失败,也应受到鼓励。 因此,教师在给予奖励时,不仅要考虑学生的学习结果,而且要联系其学习进步与努力程度状况,强调内部、稳定和可控制的因素。在学生付出同样努力时.对能力 低的学生应给予更多的奖励,对能力低而努力的人给以最高评价,对能力高而不努力的人则给以最低评价,以此引导学生进行正确归因。

单项选择题 A1型题
完形填空

Section C

Directions: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph.  There is one extra heading which you do not need.

(D)

A. Value of rare skills

B. Dangerous jobs paid more

C. Social demand decides reward

D. Developing skills

E. Women’s skills rewarded

F. Reason for taking low-paying jobs

1. _________________________

The rewards of a skill that is in strictly limited supply depend upon the demand for that skill. Men’s professional basketball is extremely popular, and the top NBA players make millions of dollars per year. There are some great women basketball players, too, but because women’s professional basketball has not become popular, these women’s skills go comparatively unrewarded.

2. _________________________

Some people with very rare skills can make enormous salaries in a free market economy. Paula Abdel has a voice that millions of people are willing to pay to hear in person, and on tapes, CDs, records, and videos. Before Pablo Picasso died, he could sell small sketches for vast sums of money. Were they worth it? They were worth exactly what the highest bidder (出价人) was willing to pay.

3. _________________________

Not all skills are inborn, however. Some people have invested in training and schooling to improve their knowledge and skills. When we go to school, we are investing in human capital that we expect to yield dividends, partly in the form of higher wages, later on. Human capital is also produced through on-the-job training.

4. _________________________

Some jobs are more desirable than others. Entry-level positions in attractive industries such as publishing and television tend to be low-paying. Since talented people are willing to take entry-level jobs in these industries at salaries below what they could earn in other occupations, there must be other, non-wage rewards. It may be that the job itself is more personally rewarding, or that a low-paying apprenticeship is the only way to acquire the human capital necessary to advance.

5. _________________________

On the other hand, compensating differentials are required when an occupation is very dangerous. Workers on skyscrapers and bridges command additional wages. Fire fighters in cities that have many old, run-down buildings are usually paid more than those in relatively tranquil rural or suburban areas.

SectionD

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.