问题 综合

读“世界各大洲工业CO2排放量”示意图、“世界CO2排放量最多的十国”柱状图及有关资料,回答下列各题。

世界各大洲工业CO2排放量       

世界CO2排放量最多的十国

(1)图中CO2排放量最多的三个大洲是                     

(2)上图所示十国中,CO2人均排放量最多的国家是      ,最少的亚洲国家是       

(3)CO2排放量居世界第二位的国家是         ,其能源消费结构以       为主。

(4)在工业发达国家中,CO2人均排放量法国仅为英国的52.5%、德国的56%,从法国能源消费结构分析,其主要的原因是                      

(5)大气中CO2增多的主要原因是                                                                       

(6)最近美国政府决定放弃实施《京都议定书》所规定的义务,消息传出即引起世界众怒,这是因为大气中CO2含量增多,将对世界气候产生的主要影响是                                                                       

(7)你认为大气中CO2含量增多,将会给世界沿海城市带来什么影响?

(8)要降低大气中CO2浓度,你认为可以采取哪些措施?(至少写二条)

答案

(1)欧洲 北美洲 亚洲

(2)美国 印度

(3)中国 煤炭

(4)法国70%的电能由核电提供

(5)大量燃烧矿物能源、过度砍伐森林等

(6)产生温室效应,世界气候变暖

(7)世界气候变暖,极地冰川融化,造成海平面上升,导致沿海城市被淹,影响沿海地区经济的发展。

(8)减少CO2排放,推广绿色能源(如水电、风能、太阳能等)。

国际社会关注的全球性环境问题,主要包括全球变暖、臭氧层破坏和酸雨危害。其中全球变暖的主要原因是排放温室气体和破坏植被引起的,它的危害主要是对全球生态环境和社会经济产生重大影响以及引起世界各国经济结构的变化。不同地域,由于生产力水平的差异,工业CO2的排放也存在明显的地区差异。由于全球变暖打破了地域和国家疆界,为了保护全球大气环境,制定和通过了《京都议定书》,通过国际合作来解决问题。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Historically, the European Union has not bothered with funding much basic scientific research. Such activities have mainly remained the preserve of national governments, not least because giving scientists free rein can lead to discoveries that not only make money but ultimately enhance military might.
That attitude is now changing. The European Commission proposes to establish a European Research Council (ERC) that would spend a maximum of 12 billion ( $14 billion) over seven years on" blue skies" research. While the plans are being generally welcomed by Europe’s member states, their details are problematic. The proposed ERC is intended to make Europe more competitive. Europe has some first-class universities, scientific institutions and research organisations. But, the ERC’s proponents argue, their activities are fragmented, so they are not reaching their full potential.
In America, teams from across the country compete with each other for grants from the National Science Foundation. The proposed ERC is modelled on this scheme. It would award grants to individual research teams for a specific project, solely on the basis of scientific merit judged by peer review. If the ERC were created, scientists from across Europe would compete with each other for funds, rather than merely competing with their fellow countrymen, as happens at present.
This compares with the limited funding for basic research that currently exists in the EU, which places its emphasis on collaboration between researchers. It is open only to researchers in a narrow range of disciplines chosen by the European Parliament and the commission. The ERC would be quite different, placing its emphasis on competition between researchers and leaving scientists themselves to decide which areas of science to pursue. Helga Nowotny, who chairs the European Research Advisory Board--an advisory body to the commission--says that winning a grant from the ERC could come to be seen as unmistakable recognition of research excellence.
The quality of European research needs to be stepped up a notch. Between 1980 and 2003, Europe had 68 Nobel laureates in medicine, physics and chemistry compared with 154 in America. With competition from China and India, Europe’s share could fall further.
One of the reasons for Europe’s relatively weak performance is thought to be a lack of genuine competition between Europe’s researchers. Another is its poor ability to attract young people into a research career. Recent estimates suggest that Europe needs an extra 700,000 researchers if it is to meet its overall target of raising spending (private, national and EU) on research and development to 3% of GDP by 2010. Many young scientists leave Europe for America once they have finished their training. Dr Nowotny says the ERC could help here too. It could establish a scheme to give young researchers the opportunity to follow their own ideas and become independent at an earlier stage in their careers, encouraging talent to stay in Europe.
The crucial issue now is whether the ERC will be able to set its own research agenda, free from the interference and bureaucracy of the commission and influence of member states. Last month,22 leading European scientists charged with shaping the ERC’s scientific strategy met for the first time to start hammering out a charter and constitution. Serious concerns remain over the legal structure of the body.
The final decision on the ERC’s legal form, on a date yet unspecified, rests with the European Parliament and member states in the European Council. If both are genuine in their support for the ERC and Europe’s aim of becoming more competitive, then they must find a way of keeping the ERC free from political interference. Europe would benefit from a competition for its best researchers which rewards scientific excellence. A quasi-competition that recognizes how many votes each member state is allotted would be pointless.

The phrase" stepped up a notch" ( paragraph 5) most probably means

A.improved.

B.decreased.

C.worsened.

D.stamped.