问题 问答题

试述我国现金流量表的财务分析。

答案

参考答案:现金流量表是以现金及现金等价物为基础编制的、用来提供企业有关现金流入、现金流出及筹资活动、经营活动与投资活动方面信息的会计报表。现金流量表对于报表使用者正确分析企业的财务状况和经营成果比较容易和直观。具体来说,现金流量表的分析可以从以下几个方面进行:
(1)流入、流出原因的分析
现金流量表将现金流量划分为经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动所产生的现金流量,并按现金的流入、流出项目分别反映,有利于报表使用者对其流动原因进行分析。
(2)偿债能力的分析
企业在正常经营活动中所获得的现金收入,首先要满足生产经营的一些基本支出,如购买原材料、支付职工工资、交纳税金等,然后才能用于偿付债务。所以在分析企业偿债能力时,首先要看企业当期取得的现金收入在满足生产经营所需现金支出后,是否有足够的现金用于偿还到期债务。结合现金流量表和资产负债表可以分析企业的短期偿债能力,短期偿债能力=经营现金流量÷流动负债。
此比率表明企业偿还短期债务能力的强弱,但是并非这个比率值越大越好,这是因为现金的收益性较差,若现金净增加额过大,即现金流量表中“现金增加额”项目数额过大,则可能是企业现在的生产能力不能充分吸收现有资产,使资产过多的停留在盈利能力较低的现金上,从而降低了企业的获利能力。这里需要说明一点,就是在这里分析偿债能力时,没有考虑投资活动和筹资活动产生的现金流量。因为企业是以经营活动为主,投资活动与筹资活动作为不经常发生的辅助理财活动,其产生的现金流量占总现金流量的比例较低,而且如果企业经营活动所取得的现金在满足了维持经营活动正常运转所必须发生的支出后,其节余不能偿还债务,还必须向外筹措资金来偿债的话,这说明企业已经陷入了财务困境,很难筹措到新的资金。即使企业向外筹措到新的资金,但债务本金的偿还最终还是取决于经营活动的现金流量。
(3)利润质量的分析
由于利润表中的净利润指标,是企业根据权责发生制原则和配比原则编制的,利润质量往往受到一定影响,它并不能反映企业生产经营活动产生了多少现金,但通过经营活动的现金流量与会计利润进行对比,就可以对利润质量进行评价。有些项目,如固定资产折旧、临时设施等资产摊销、大量应收账款及坏账估计等,不影响现金流量但会影响损益,使当期的会计利润与现金流量不一致,但是二者应大体相近。因此,通过经营活动产生的现金流量与会计利润对比可以评价利润质量,经营活动产生的现金流量与会计利润之比若大于1或等于1,说明会计收益的收现能力较强,利润质量较好;若小于1,则说明会计利润可能受到人为操纵或存在大量应收账款,利润质量较差。
(4)适应能力与变现能力分析
企业的财务适应性和变现能力可以通过经营活动的现金流量占全部现金流量的比例进行分析。其比例越高,说明企业经营活动的现金流量越大,流速越快,企业的财务基础越稳固,从而企业的适应能力与变现能力越好,抗风险能力也就越强。
(5)企业未来状况分析
评价过去是为了预测未来,虽然现金流量表反映的是企业过去一定时期内现金流量变化的动态信息,但它却为预测企业未来的业务状况提供了可靠的数据。
①企业未来获取现金能力的预测。如根据本期销售商品产生的现金,参考下一期间的销售前景和收账政策等,就可以预测下一期间销售商品产生的现金;又如企业通过银行筹得大笔资金,在本期现金流量表中反映为现金流入,但却意味着将来偿还款时要流出大笔现金;再如应收未收的款项,在本期现金流量表中虽然未反映为现金流入,但意味着将来会有现金流入。
②企业未来发展状况的预测。一般隋况下,一个企业要扩大生产规模,长期资产必须增加,反映在现金流量表中即投资活动中的现金流出量就会大幅度提高。对内投资的现金流出量大幅度提高,往往意味着该企业面临一个新的投资机会;对外投资的现金流出量大幅度提高,则说明该企业在通过对外投资来寻找新的获利机会和发展机遇。另外,在分析企业未来发展状况时,也可以将投资活动与筹资活动所产生的现金流量联系起来考察和分析。如果投资活动中的现金净流出量与筹资活动中现金净流入量在本期数额都相当大,说明该企业在保持内部经营稳定进行的前提下,从外界筹集了大笔资金以扩大生产经营规模;反之,如果投资活动中产生的现金流入量与筹资活动中产生的现金流出量在数额上比较接近且较大,说明企业在保持内部经营稳定进行的前提下,收回大笔对外投资的资金支付到期债务,意味着企业没有扩张的动机。此外,还可以从支付股利能力、现金周转能力、投资活动和理财活动对经营成果和财务状况的影响以及非现金的投资和筹资方面对现金流量表进行财务分析,以全面了解企业过去和将来的财务状况。

单项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

    Psychologists tell us that there are four basic stages that human beings pass through when they enter and live in a new culture. This process, which helps us to deal with culture shock, is the way our brain and our

personality react to the strange new things we encounter when we move from one culture to another.

    Culture begins with the "honeymoon stage". This is the period of time when we first arrive in which

everything about the new culture is strange and exciting. We may be suffering from "jet lag" but we are

thrilled to be in the new environment, seeing new sights, hearing new sounds and language, eating new kind

s of food. This stage can last for quite a long time because we feel we are involved in some kind of great a

dventure.

    Unfortunately, the second stage can be more difficult. After we have settled down into our new life, we can become very tired and begin to miss our homeland and our family, friends, pets. All the little problems

in life seem to be much bigger and more disturbing when you face them in a foreign culture. This period of cultural adjustment can be very difficult and lead to the new arrival rejecting or pulling away from the new

culture.

    The third stage is called the "adjustment stage". This is when you begin to realize that things are not so

bad in the host culture. Your sense of humour usually becomes stronger and you realize that you are

becoming stronger by learning to take care of yourself in the new place. Things are still difficult, but you are

now a survivor!

  The fourth stage can be called "at ease at last". Now you feel quite comfortable in your new surroundings.

You can cope with most problems that occur. You may still have problems with the language, but you

know you are strong enough to deal with them.

     There is a fifth stage of culture shock which many people don't know about. This is called "reverse (颠倒、交换)culture shock". Surprisingly, this occurs when you go back to your native culture and find that

you have changed and that things there have changed while you have been away. Now you feel a little

uncomfortable back home. Life is a struggle!

1. When does culture shock happen?

A. When you reach your teens

B. When you move to a big city

C. When you meet foreign people for the first time

D. When you go to live in a foreign culture

2. How do you feel during the first stage of culture shock?

A. Lonely and depressed  

B. Bored and homesick

C. Happy and excited  

D. Angry and frustrated

3. How could the third stage be described?

A. Adjustment    

B. Rejection      

C. Enthusiasm    

D. Anger

4. Why might reverse culture shock be a problem?

A. It hardly ever happens.            

B. It is extremely stressful.

C. Most people do not expect it.      

D. It only happens to young people.