问题 问答题

简述汉武帝如何加强中央集权。

答案

参考答案:(1)解决诸侯王国问题。元朔二年(前127年),汉武帝采纳主父偃的建议,颁布《推恩令》:诸侯王除了由嫡长子继承王位以外,可以推“私恩”把王国土地的一部分分给子弟为列侯,由皇帝制定这些侯国的名号。按照汉制,侯国隶属于郡,地位与县相当。因此王国分为侯国,就是王国的缩小和朝廷直辖土地的扩大。《推恩令》颁布后,王国纷纷请分邑子弟,于是诸侯王的支庶多得以受封为列侯,西汉王朝不用黜陟的办法而使王国的辖地缩小。接着,武帝颁布《左官律》和《附益法》。元鼎五年(前112年),汉武帝义采取“酎金夺爵”的措施,削夺列侯的爵位。通过这些措施,进一步加强了中央集权,基本上结束了汉初以来诸侯王割据的局面。 (2)中朝的形成。为了加强皇权,限制丞相权,汉武帝提拔了一批中下层官员,作为自己的高级侍从和助手,替他出谋划策、发号施令。这样,在朝官中有了中朝和外朝之分。由尚书、中书、侍中等组成的中朝成为实际的决策机关,而以丞相为首的外朝官,逐渐成为执行政务的机关。 (3)设刺史、司隶校尉,加强对地方的控制。汉武帝于元封五年(前106年),分全国除京师直辖区以外的其他地区为为十三个州部(监察区),每个州部设刺史一人,称州刺史,简称刺史,以监察地方。刺史“以六条问事”,一条是监察“强宗豪右”,五条是监察郡守、尉和王国相。征和四年(前89年),又于京师所在地设司隶校尉,掌纠察京师百官(三公除外)和三辅(京兆、冯翊、扶风)、三河(河东、河内、河南)、弘农七郡。刺史秩六百石,司隶校尉秩比两千石,都以京官监察地方的高官,司隶校尉还纠察朝官,史称这一制度为汉武帝“以内制外,以小制大”之术。这套制度比秦朝的监察制度严密得多,进一步加强了皇帝对于庞大的官僚群的督导与控制。 (4)建立以察举制为中心的选官制度。为打破汉初“吏多军功”的格局,汉武帝采纳董仲舒的建议,建立察举制度。元光元年(前134年)冬,汉武帝初令郡国每年举孝廉各一人,从此之后郡国每年推举孝廉的察举制度正式确立。除孝廉一科为察举取士的主要科目外,汉武帝还不定期设立茂才、贤良方正、文学等科察举取士,以广泛地吸收地主阶级优秀人才。这些被察举到中央的人员,一般都在郎署供职,由郎官再逐渐升迁。

阅读理解

You may meet many people in your life. But Mom and Dad are two of the most important people in your life. Over your lifetime, they may influence(影响) you more than anyone else you will meet. Moms and Dads need to care for their kids every day. Most parents will do this as long as they live.

There are many ways to stay close, to get along well and to build a strong relationship(关系) with your parents. Here are some of them:

Spend time together. Don’t play computer games or watch TV alone. Ask your mom and dad to play with you. Go outside together, or do some reading.

Be kind. Little things might mean a lot to your mom or dad. You can give your parents a happy day with a card or a joke. It’s also lovely when a kid cleans up his or her room without being asked. And if you try not fight with your brothers or sisters, your parents will be so happy.

Do your best at whatever you do. You don’t have to be the best, but when you do your best, you make your parents proud(骄傲). It makes them happy to see how you are turning into a good kid. Why? Because it lets them know they are doing a good job.

小题1:What does the underlined word “this” mean in the first paragraph?

A.To meet people everywhere.

B.To care for their kids every day.

C.To work for the family.

D.To take their kids to school .小题2:Which of the following can’t help you build a strong relationship with your parents?

A.Being kind.

B.Spending time with them together.

C.Playing computer games or watching TV alone.

D.Doing your best at whatever you do.小题3:Which of the following can make your parents happy?

A.Give them a card .

B.Play a joke with them.

C.Clean the room yourself.

D.All of the above.

单项选择题 A1/A2型题