问题 填空题

做测一金属电阻丝的电阻Rx的实验.

(1)某实验小组要用“伏安法”测量电阻丝的电阻Rx,已知电压表内阻约3kΩ,电流表内阻约1Ω,若采用下图1电路测量,则Rx的测量值比真实值______(填“偏大”或“偏小”).若Rx约为10Ω应采用______(选“图1”或“图2”)的电路,误差会比较小.

(2)若该实验小组实验时,用螺旋测微器测量金属丝直径的某次测量如图3所示,则该金属丝的直径D为______ mm;某次测量时电压表和电流表的示数如下图4所示,则电流表示数为______ A,电压表读数为______ V.

(3)该实验小组经过讨论,发现无论是用图1或图2测量,都不可避免产生由电表内阻引起的系统测量误差,于是该实验小组又设计了如图5所示的实验方案,利用该方案测量的主要实验步骤如下:

第一步:将电键S2接2,闭合电键S1,调节滑动变阻器RP和RW,使电表读数接近满量程,但不超过量程,记录此时电压表和电流表的示数为U1、I1

①请你根据实验原理为该实验小组写出接下的第二步操作,并说明需要记录的数据:______;

②由以上记录的数据计算出被测电阻Rx的表达式为Rx=______;

③简要分析此实验方案为何能避免电表内阻引起的实验误差:______.

答案

(1)根据欧姆定律R=

U
I
可知,若采用甲图的电路,由于电压表的分流作用,使得电阻的测量值偏小;若用电流表的内接法,则R=
U
I
=(Rx+RA)>Rx
,所以测量值偏大.              

    (2)螺旋测微器的读数是先读主尺刻度,再读可动刻度.1mm+20.0×0.01mm=1.200mm

电流表的刻度每一小格是0.1A,所以读数为:I=0.73A;电压表的刻度每一小格是0.5V,读数为11.7V.

(3)①将电键S2接1,只调节滑动变阻器RW,保持RP不变,记录这时电压表和电流表的示数U2、I2   

②第一步时应有:

U1
I1
=Rx+RA+RP

第二步时应有:

U2
I2
=RA+RP

联立以上两式解得Rx=

U1
I1
-
U2
I2

③把电流表看做一电阻,由于

U1
I1
=Rx+(RA+RP),
U2
I2
=RA+RP
,两式相减,消去(RA+RP)得出Rx,避免了电流表引起的测量误差

阅读理解

(二)   66  Scientists and experts have proved the uniqueness of finger-prints and discovered that no exactly similar pattern is passed on from parents to children, though nobody knows why this is the case.

The ridge (隆起) structure on a person's fingers does not change with growth and is not affected by surface injuries. Burns, cuts and other damage to the outer part of the skin will be replaced in time by new one, which bears a reproduction of the original pattern.  67   Some criminals make use of this fact to remove their own finger-prints but this is a dangerous and rare step to take.

Finger-prints can be made very easily with printer's ink. They can by be recorded easily.  68  Because of the simplicity and economy of this system, finger-prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal case. A suspected man may deny a charge but this may be in vain. 69  . When a suspect leaves finger-prints behind at the scene of a crime, they are difficult to detect with the naked eye.   70  Some of the marks found are incomplete but identification is possible if a print of a quarter of an inch square can be obtained.

A.Special techniques are used to "develop" them.

B.A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all part of the finger.

C.It is only when the inner skin is injured that the arrangement will be destroyed.

D.With special methods, identification can be achieved successfully within a short time.E. A latent print is the chance reproduction of the friction ridges deposited on the surface of an item.

F. His finger-prints can prove who he is even if his appearance has been changed by age or accident.

G. Every human being has a unique arrangement of the skin on his fingers and this arrangement is unchangeable.

问答题 简答题