问题 材料题

阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一 孙中山认为,民生问题不仅是社会发展的核心问题,历史发展的核心问题,而且是社会、历史发展的原动力。他说;“社会进化的定律,是人类求生存。人类求生存,才是社会进化的原因。”“人类求生存是什么问题呢?就是民生问题。民生问题才可说是社会发展的原动力。我们能够明白社会进化的原动力,再来解决社会问题那才很容易。”他进一步解释道:“人类生活的程度,在文明进化之中可以分作三级。第一级是需要。人生不得需要,固然不能生活,就是所得的需要不满足,也是不能充分生活,可说是半死不活。所以第一级的需要,是人类的生活不可少的。人类得了第一级需要生活之外,更进一步便是第二级,这一级叫做安适。人类在这一级的生活,不是为求生活的需要,是于需要之外更求安乐,更求舒服……得了充分安适之后,再更进一步,便想奢侈。”孙中山将人的生活分为“需要”“安适”“奢侈”三个等级,未必科学,但是,他实际上是在说,人的需要是不断增长、不断发展、不断提高的,正是人的这种不断增长的物质和精神需要推动社会和历史的发展。所以他说:“民生就是社会一切活动中的原动力。”——《新华文摘》2007年第2期《孙中山思想的现代价值》

(1)结合有关史实分析孙中山在辛亥革命后不能解决当时民生问题的原因。

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材料二 1937年,红星照耀西方。该年1月,在美国《生活》杂志上,惊异的出现了毛 * * 的头像。在斯诺为他拍摄的一系列照片中,那张头带八角帽,神情沉着,面容清癯的肖像无疑最为著名。——《复兴之路》环球时报

(2)结合你的理解,简述“红星”是如何“照耀西方”的?

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材料三 1940年11月2日,罗斯福在竞选第二次连任总统的演说时呼吁:“为了全体美国人的福利”他说。“我看到这样一个美国,那里的工人不会在风华正茂时被一脚踢开,那里的人们不会世世代代受穷,那里的穷苦农民不会变成无家可归的流浪汉,那里的青年不会在垄断的淫威下乞讨工作。”“我看到这样一个美国,那里的全体人民有极好的文化教育机会。”“我看到这样一个美国,那里的劳工界进入暮年之人能够安度余生,养老金和保险金将理所当然地颁发给这些为国家忙碌了一生的人。”——岳西宽、张卫星译《历届总统就职演说集》

(3)指出罗斯福政府切实保护低层民众的措施,并结合当时国际国内形势分析其原因。

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材料四 新中国成立时,国家百废待兴,工作千头万绪,党首先关注的是人民群众的吃饭穿衣、生产生活问题,把解决民生问题放在了执政实践的第一位。正如当时主管全固财政经济工作的陈云同志所说:“我们面临着如何把革命成果巩固和发展下去的问题,关键就在于要安排好六亿多人民的生活,真正为人民谋福利。”

(4)新中国成立初期,怎样较好解决广大人民的生活与生产活动?

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材料五 “21世纪始于1978年”,这是英国《卫报》专栏作家的断言。因为那一年“是邓 * * 在中国实行改革开放的年份——一个社会主义国家开始从平均主义向市场经济走出了尝试性的一步,它创造了一个完全不同的历史”。

(5)这个“完全不同的历史”有什么主要表现?结合上述史料及所学知识,分析为什么民族复兴的梦想会在1946年破灭却在1978年变成现实。

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答案

(1)孙中山辞去临时大总统,不能掌握 * * ;民生主义思想缺乏广大人民的理解与支持;不符合当时中国的实际要求;北洋政府反动统治的阻挠。

(2)工农红军胜利完成长征;初步形成抗日民族统一战线。

(3)鼓励恢复与发展工业,增加就业,实行社会救济,提供社会保障体系,保护劳工权利。原因:经济大危机造成美国阶级矛盾与社会矛盾尖锐,美国政府迫切需要稳定社会,以巩固美国资本主义制度;二战爆发后,美国与日本等国矛盾日益激化,战争威胁临近,可借此动员民众。

(4)新中国通过没收官僚资本,建立国营企业,控制了国家的经济命脉。积极开展土地改革,推动互助合作运动,引导农民走社会主义道路。稳定物价,尽快恢复发展国民经济。

(5)实行改革开放,建立社会主义市场经济,加入WTO,综合国力增强。原因:①抗战胜利后美国扶蒋 * * ,蒋介石 * * 反人民,坚持内战独裁,内战全面爆发。②“ * * ”结束后,国际形势趋缓,中 * * 党总结经验,实事求是,以经济建设为中心。

问答题
单项选择题

Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child-rearing, but what do fathers do Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. Two adults can support and make up for each other’s deficiencies and build on each other’s strengths.

Fathers also bring an array of unique qualities. Some are familiar: protector and role model. Teenage boys without fathers are notoriously prone to trouble. The pathway to adulthood for daughters is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from their fathers, in ways they cannot from their mothers, how to relate to men. They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference. They learn to appreciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives. Most important, through loving and being loved by their fathers, they learn that they are love-worthy.

Current research gives much deeper—and more surprising—insight into the father’s role in child-rearing. One significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is play. From their children’s birth through adolescence, fathers tend to emphasize play more than caretaking. The father’s style of play is likely to be both physically stimulating and exciting. With older children it involves more teamwork, requiring competitive testing of physical and mental skills. It frequently resembles a teaching relationship: come on, let me show you how. Mothers play more at the child’s level. They seem willing to let the child direct play.

Kids, at least in the early years, seem to prefer to play with daddy. In one study of 2.5-year-olds who were given a choice, more than two-thirds chose to play with their father.

The way fathers play has effects on everything from the management of emotions to intelligence and academic achievement. It is particularly important in promoting self-control. According to one expert, "children who roughhouse with their fathers quickly learn that biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptable. " They learn when to "shut it down. "

At play and in other realms, fathers tend to stress competition, challenge, initiative, risktaking and independence. Mothers, as caretakers, stress emotional security and personal safety. On the playground fathers often try to get the child to swing even higher, while mothers are cautious, worrying about an accident.

We know, too, that fathers’ involvement seems to be linked to improved verbal and problem-solving skills and higher academic achievement. Several studies found that along with paternal strictness, the amount of time fathers spent reading with them was a p predictor of their daughters’ verbal ability.

For sons the results have been equally striking. Studies uncovered a p relationship between fathers’ involvement and the mathematical abilities of their sons. Other studies found a relationship between paternal nurturing and boys’ verbal intelligence.

According to Paragraph 3, one significant difference between the father’s and mother’s role in child-rearing is ().

A. the style of play encouraged

B. the amount of time available

C. the strength of emotional ties

D. the emphasis of intellectual development