问题 单项选择题 案例分析题

病历摘要:某女性患者,45岁,白带多,性交后出血已3个月,检查宫颈呈靡粒状外观,接触性出血。

宫颈刮片的结果为鳞状上皮化生时,诊断为()。

A.上皮细胞轻度异型性

B.宫颈糜烂在愈合过程中出现的变化,不属于异常增生

C.上皮细胞瘤样病变

D.上皮细胞排列紊乱

E.柱状细胞代替鳞状细胞的结果

答案

参考答案:B

阅读理解与欣赏

请认真阅读下面的文章,完成小题。

被忽视的气候杀手——黑碳(14分)

人们应该对冬日里烟囱中冒出的滚滚黑烟不会感到陌生。这些黑烟实际上是煤、柴火、秸秆等生物未充分燃烧时产生的微小碳颗粒,随着燃烧加热的空气飘上了天空。这些黑碳对空气质量是个严重的威胁,吸多了难免会导致人们呼吸道不适。除此之外,它还是一个被忽视了的影响气候变化的因素。

提起气候变化,人们首先想到的就是各种温室气体,尤其是罪魁祸首二氧化碳。其实,黑碳在促使气候变暖上也没少出力。据科学家统计,黑碳对于气候变暖的“贡献”比例可以达到 18%,仅次于占40%的二氧化碳而排名第二。所以,为了控制气候变化,人类在努力减少二氧化碳排放的同时,对黑碳也不能置之不理。

虽然同样会造成气候变暖,但是黑碳和二氧化碳起作用的方式是不同的。二氧化碳是通过温室效应让地球升温的,它们可以让太阳发出的短波辐射自由通过,照射到地球上,而吸收地面发射出的长波红外线,把这些能量留在地球上,起的作用类似于温室的玻璃外壳。而黑碳则是直接吸收太阳辐射的能量,加热自己身边的大气,起的作用类似于太阳能热水器。另外黑碳落到地面后会减少反射,增加地面吸收的热量。

黑碳和二氧化碳还有一点关键的不同,就是在大气中停留的时间不同。二氧化碳可以在大气中停留几个世纪,人类历史上第一座火力发电厂排出的二氧化碳,就可能依然在空中游荡,继续给地球保暖。而黑碳在大气中只能停留几周就会沉降下来,落回地面。如果我们现在就削减黑碳的排放,那么对气候变暖起到的遏制作用将会是立竿见影的。科学家说,只要等上几周或者几个月,大气就会有明显的变化。

不过值得庆幸的是,相对于二氧化碳来说,控制黑碳排放的难度要低得多。在非常依赖化石燃料的今天,想让人类获取能源的同时不排放二氧化碳几乎是不可能的。而减少黑碳的排放却有很多切实可行的方法。首先要减少森林开发,赤道地区雨林的燃烧是黑碳的重要来源。再就是要改进柴油机上的过滤装置,现在已经有了成熟的技术。还有就是减少木柴等生物燃料的使用,代之以太阳能和天然气。虽然这些措施都要花钱,不过比减少二氧化碳排放便宜多了。另外,控制黑碳排放本身可以减轻空气污染,减少呼吸道疾病的发生,可谓一举两得。总之,现在是控制这些黑烟的时候了。

小题1:请用简洁的语言(每一点不超过15字),指出黑碳与二氧化碳对气候变暖的影响有什么不同。(4分)

小题2: 结合上下文,指出下列句子中画线部分和划线词和的作用。(4分)

⑴据科学家统计,黑碳对于气候变暖的“贡献”比例可以达到18%,仅次于占40%的二氧化碳而排名第二

⑵在非常依赖化石燃料的今天,想让人类获取能源的同时不排放二氧化碳几乎是不可能的。

小题3:结合全文,说说控制黑碳排放有哪些现实意义。(3分)

小题4:根据下列链接材料,结合文章内容说说现在普遍存在的污染源自哪些方面的污染。(3分)

链接材料  工业生产经常导致污染,主要是煤和石油燃烧过程中排放的大量有害物质,如烧煤可排出烟尘和二氧化硫;烧石油可排出二氧化硫和一氧化碳等。生产过程排出的烟尘和废气。以火力发电厂、钢铁厂、石油化工厂、水泥厂等对大气污染最为严重。而农业生产过程中喷洒农药而产生的粉尘和雾滴也会对人体造成不小的伤害。

由生活炉灶和居民区采暖锅炉耗用煤炭产生的烟尘、二氧化硫等有害气体也是目前普遍存在的污染。此外汽车、火车、轮船和飞机等排出的尾气,其中汽车排出有害尾气距呼吸带最近,而能被人直接吸入,其污染物主要是氮氧化物、碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和铅尘等等。

单项选择题

Electronic mail has become an extremely important and popular means of communication.
The convenience and efficiency of electronic mail are threatened by the extremely rapid growth in the volume of unsolicited commercial electronic mail. Unsolicited commercial electronic mail is currently estimated to account for over half of all electronic mail traffic, up from an estimated 7 percent in 2001, and the volume continues to rise. Most of these messages are fraudulent or deceptive in one or more respects.
The receipt of unsolicited commercial electronic mail may result in costs to recipients who cannot refuse to accept such mail and who incur costs for the storage of such mail, or for the time spent accessing, reviewing, and discarding such mail, or for both. The receipt of a large number of unwanted messages also decreases the convenience of electronic mail and creates a risk that wanted electronic mail messages, both commercial and noncommercial, will be lost, overlooked, or discarded amidst the larger volume of unwanted messages, thus reducing the reliability and usefulness of electronic mail to the recipient. Some commercial electronic mail contains material that many recipients may consider vulgar or pornographic in nature.
The growth in unsolicited commercial electronic mail imposes significant monetary costs on providers of Internet access services, businesses, and educational and nonprofit institutions that carry and receive such mail, as there is a finite volume of mail that such providers, businesses, and institutions can handle without further investment in infrastructure. Many senders of unsolicited commercial electronic mail purposefully disguise the source of such mail.
Many senders of unsolicited commercial electronic mail purposefully include misleading information in the messages’ subject lines in order to induce the recipients to view the messages. While some senders of commercial electronic mail messages provide simple and reliable ways for recipients to reject (or ’opt-out’ o0 receipt of commercial electronic mail from such senders in the future, other senders provide no such ’opt-out’ mechanism, or refuse to honor the requests of recipients not to receive electronic mail from such senders in the future, or both.
Many senders of bulk unsolicited commercial electronic mail use computer programs to gather large numbers of electronic mail addresses on an automated basis from Internet websites or online services where users must post their addresses in order to make full use of the website or service.
The problems associated with the rapid growth and abuse of unsolicited commercial electronic mail cannot be solved by the government alone. The development and adoption of technological approaches and the pursuit of cooperative efforts with other countries will be necessary as well.

According to the passage, efficiency of e-mail is threatened by ______.

A.heavy e-mail traffic

B.fraudulent e-mail messages

C.large volume of messages

D.increasing amount of unwanted e-mail