问题 多项选择题

下列关于不确定性节税原理的说法,正确的是()。

A.对于税收筹划中的不确定性因素,通常的做法是用主观概率来计算其风险程度和风险价值

B.不确定性节税方案与实际结果的偏离程度往往要大于确定性节税

C.一般用标准离差来反映不确定性节税的风险程度:标准离差越大,风险程度也越大

D.对于税收期望值不同的不确定性节税方案,则要用标准离差率来反映风险程度

E.对于税收期望值相同的不确定性节税方案,则要用标准离差率来反映风险程度

答案

参考答案:A, B, C, D

解析:对于税收筹划中的不确定性因素,通常的做法是用主观概率来计算其风险程度和风险价值,首先通过主观概率把不确定性因素转化为确定性因素,然后就可以进行定量分析。主观概率是指在没有大量历史数据资料和实际经验的情况下,根据有限的资料和经验合理地估计随机事件发生可能性大小的数值。由于不确定性节税方案与实际结果的偏离程度往往要大于确定性节税,因此,为了保证节税的切实可行,必须考虑节税结果对期望值的偏离程度,即风险程度。一般用标准离差来反映不确定性节税的风险程度:标准离差越大,风险程度也越大。不过,标准离差是一个绝对值,只能用于税收期望值相同的节税方案,对于税收期望值不同的不确定性节税方案,则要用标准离差率来反映风险程度。同样,节税方案的标准离差率越大,风险程度也越大。

单项选择题 B型题
单项选择题

A new study finds that blacks on death row (1) of killing whites are more likely to be executed than whites who kill minorities. It also concludes that blacks who kill (2) minorities are (3) likely to be executed than blacks who kill whites. For example, there is more than a twofold greater risk that an African-American who killed a white will be executed than a white person who kills a (4) victim. A Hispanic is at least 1.4 (5) more likely to be executed (6) such an offender kills a white.

The researchers of the study believe that there are two (7) explanations.. First, prosecutors often win (8) office if they win well-publicized cases. When a black kills a white, such killings gets more (9) and this idea can be (10) by many famous cases. (11) , the court judges at the state level are often (12) to elections, called retention elections. Retention election or judicial retention within the United States court system, is a periodic process, in which the voter (13) approval or disapproval for the judges presently (14) their position, and a judge can be removed from the position if the (15) of the citizens vote him or her out. Just as the researchers (16) out, death penalty is (17) political.

The findings of the study, in short, show that American justice systems clearly (18) white lives more than those of blacks or Hispanics. The researchers also say their findings (19) serious doubts about (20) that the U.S. criminal justice system is colorblind.

7()

A.paradoxical

B.plausible

C.absurd

D.ironic