问题 实验题

(12分)小亮同学为研究某电学元件(最大电压不超过2.5V,最大电流不超过0.55A)的伏安特性曲线,在实验室找到了下列实验器材:

A.电压表(量程是3V,内阻是6kΩ的伏特表)

B.电压表(量程是15V,内阻是30kΩ的伏特表)

C.电流表(量程是0.6A,内阻是0.5Ω的安培表)

D.电流表(量程是3A,内阻是0.1Ω的安培表)

F.滑动变阻器(阻值范围0~5Ω),额定电流为0.6A

G.滑动变阻器(阻值范围0~100Ω),额定电流为0.6A

直流电源(电动势E=3V,内阻不计)

开关、导线若干。

该同学设计电路并进行实验,通过实验得到如下数据(I和U分别表示电学元件上的电流和电压)。

I/A00.120.210.290.340.380.420.450.470.490.50
U/V00.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.00
①为提高实验结果的准确程度,电流表选    ;电压表选     ;滑动变阻器选   。(以上均填写器材代号)

②请在上面的方框中画出实验电路图;

③在图(a)中描出该电学元件的伏安特性曲线;

④据图(a)中描出的伏安特性曲线可知,该电学元件的电阻随温度而变化的情况为:                                 

⑤把本题中的电学元件接到图(b)所示电路中,若电源电动势E=2.0V,内阻不计,定值电阻R=5Ω,则此时该电学元件的功率是_______W。

答案

①C;A;F;(3分);②如答图1所示(2分);③如答图2所示(2分);④元件电阻随温度升高而增大(2分);⑤0.14~0.18W均可(3分)。

题目分析:①由于某电学元件的最大电压不超过2.5V,最大电流不超过0.55A,故为了测量准确,电压表选择量程为3V的A,电流表选择量程为0.6A的C,又由于测量的是伏安特性曲线,故电压需要从0开始变化,故电路应该采用分压式,滑变阻器选用较小的阻值,以方便操作,故变阻器选择F;

②由于待测元件的电阻约为≈4.5Ω,故对于小电阻宜采用电流表外接法,实验的误差较小,电路采用分压式连接,故电路图为答图1所示;

③根据表中的数据,描点,连线即可得图像为答图2所示;

④由曲线可知,曲线向电压轴靠近,则说明元件的电阻随温度的升高而增大;该项也可以计算出电压较小时,较大时的电阻值进行比较,也会得出元件的电阻随温度的升高而增大的结论。

⑤由于待测元件的电阻是变化的,故我们可以在元件的伏安特性曲线坐标系上再画出等效电源的特性直线,等效电源的电动势为2.0V,定值电阻相当于其内阻,故它与元件的曲线相交于一点,则该点对应的电压与电流值就是元件两端的电压和其中通过的电流,故电压约为0.58V,电流约为0.27A,故电学元件的电功率为P=UI=0.58V×0.27A=0.17W(注意:只要结果在0.14~0.18W均可)。

问答题 简答题
完形填空
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